[98], In September 1554, Mary stopped menstruating. On the day of his burning, he dramatically withdrew his recantation. This page was last edited on 27 April 2021, at 22:10. [28], According to the Venetian Mario Savorgnano, by this time Mary was developing into a pretty, well-proportioned young lady with a fine complexion. Mary I, also called Mary Tudor, byname Bloody Mary, (born February 18, 1516, Greenwich, near London, England—died November 17, 1558, London), the first queen to rule England (1553–58) in her own right. 74–75; Whitelock, p. 216, Porter, pp. 226–227, Porter, pp. [116], Mary had always rejected the break with Rome her father instituted and the establishment of Protestantism by her brother's regents. Mary’s early years were spent as a diplomatic tool of her father, as she was promised as a wife to several potential allies. Occupation: Queen of England Eustace Chapuys/Mary I of England (19) Catherine of Aragon & Mary I of England (16) Anne of Cleves/Henry VIII of England (13) Anne Boleyn & Elizabeth I of England (11) Exclude Additional Tags Alternate Universe - Canon Divergence (56) Angst (53) One Shot (39) Alternate Universe (32) Romance (28) Historical Accuracy (27) Drama (26) Canon Compliant (26) Family (18) Hurt/Comfort (18) Other … [85], Lord Chancellor Gardiner and the House of Commons unsuccessfully petitioned her to consider marrying an Englishman, fearing that England would be relegated to a dependency of the Habsburgs. 41–42; Whitelock, pp. BLOODY MARY- A MASS MURDERER. 20–21; Whitelock, pp. In 1534 Henry broke with Rome and established the Church of England. She was the eldest daughter of Henry VIII and only surviving child of Catherine of Aragon. She became godmother to Prince Edward, Henry’s son by Jane Seymour, the third queen. [147], English coinage was debased under both Henry VIII and Edward VI. Porter, p. 389; Waller, p. 111; Whitelock, p. 289, Loades, pp. Mary was in favour of declaring war, but her councillors opposed it because French trade would be jeopardised, it contravened the foreign war provisions of the marriage treaty, and a bad economic legacy from Edward VI's reign and a series of poor harvests meant England lacked supplies and finances. [160] A historiographical revisionism since the 1980s has improved her reputation among scholars to some degree. Jun 25, 2020 - Marye by the Grace of God Quene of Englond, Spayne, France, both Sicelles, Jerusalem and Ireland, Defender of the Faythe, Archduchesse of Austriche, Duchesse of Burgundy and Milayne and Barbant, Countesse of Hapsburg, Flanders and Tyroll. 1516 (21st February) Mary was christened at the Church of the Observant Friars in Greenwich. Mary I, also called Mary Tudor, byname Bloody Mary, (born February 18, 1516, Greenwich, near London, England—died November 17, 1558, London), the first queen to rule England (1553–58) in her own right. 321, 324; Waller, p. 90; Whitelock, p. 238, Loades, pp. 311–313; Whitelock, pp. Mary I (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558) was Queen of England and Ireland from July 1553 until her death. [127], Reginald Pole, the son of Mary's executed governess, arrived as papal legate in November 1554. [101] According to Giovanni Michieli, the Venetian ambassador, Philip may have planned to marry Elizabeth in the event of Mary's death in childbirth,[102] but in a letter to his brother-in-law, Maximilian of Austria, Philip expressed uncertainty as to whether his wife was pregnant. 113–115, Loades, David (1989). [119] The first executions occurred over five days in February 1555: John Rogers on 4 February, Laurence Saunders on 8 February, and Rowland Taylor and John Hooper on 9 February. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. [17], Despite his affection for Mary, Henry was deeply disappointed that his marriage had produced no sons. The daughter of King Henry VIII and the Spanish princess Catherine of Aragon, Mary as a child was a pawn in England’s bitter rivalry with more powerful nations, being fruitlessly proposed in marriage to this or that potentate desired as an ally. [59] In 1542, following the execution of Henry's fifth wife, Catherine Howard, the unmarried Henry invited Mary to attend the royal Christmas festivities. Omissions? Queen Mary I, who succeeded him, returned England again to the authority of the papacy, thereby ending the first attempt at an independent Church of England. [90], Mary was—excluding the brief, disputed reigns of the Empress Matilda and Lady Jane Grey—England's first queen regnant. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [73] On 9 July, from Kenninghall, Norfolk, she wrote to the privy council with orders for her proclamation as Edward's successor. Mary was now the most important European princess. [53] Over 1539, the king's chief minister, Thomas Cromwell, negotiated a potential alliance with the Duchy of Cleves. 143–147; Porter, pp. "Restoration and Reaction: Reinterpreting the Marian Church. Mary never saw her mother again—though, despite great danger, they corresponded secretly. Mary thus became Queen of Naples and titular Queen of Jerusalem upon marriage. TudorMary was the second daughter and fifth child of Henry VIII and his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. 101, 103, 105; Whitelock, p. 266. [57], In 1541, Henry had the Countess of Salisbury, Mary's old governess and godmother, executed on the pretext of a Catholic plot in which her son Reginald Pole was implicated. In January 1556, Mary's father-in-law the Emperor abdicated. Mary was the second daughter and fifth child of Henry VIII and his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. Catherine was demoted to Dowager Princess of Wales (a title she would have held as Arthur's widow), and Mary was deemed illegitimate. Mary had a fragile constitution and suffered a series of illnesses throughout her life. 195–197, Porter, pp. [135] In August, English forces were victorious in the aftermath of the Battle of Saint Quentin, with one eyewitness reporting, "Both sides fought most choicely, and the English best of all. [39] Although both she and her mother were ill, Mary was refused permission to visit Catherine. Mary was the first queen to rule England in her own right with full coronation. In 1528 Wolsey's agent Thomas Magnus discussed the idea of her marriage to her cousin James V of Scotland with the Scottish diplomat Adam Otterburn. [41] Catherine was interred in Peterborough Cathedral, while Mary grieved in semi-seclusion at Hunsdon in Hertfordshire. Husband after husband proposed for her failed to reach the altar. [30], From 1531, Mary was often sick with irregular menstruation and depression, although it is not clear whether this was caused by stress, puberty or a more deep-seated disease. England would not be obliged to provide military support to Philip's father in any war, and Philip could not act without his wife's consent or appoint foreigners to office in England. [145], Financially, Mary's regime tried to reconcile a modern form of government—with correspondingly higher spending—with a medieval system of collecting taxation and dues. Michieli dismissively ridiculed the pregnancy as more likely to "end in wind rather than anything else". Many adherents to the Catholic faith, opponents of Dudley's, lived there. [146] Mary retained the Edwardian appointee William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester, as Lord High Treasurer and assigned him to oversee the revenue collection system. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). 202, 227, Porter, pp. She then held court at Ludlow Castle while new betrothal plans were made. [120] Cranmer, the imprisoned archbishop of Canterbury, was forced to watch Bishops Ridley and Latimer being burned at the stake. In 1554 Mary married Philip II of Spain, and as a devout Roman Catholic obtained the restoration of papal supremacy and sanctioned the persecution of Protestants. [161] Christopher Haigh argued that her revival of religious festivities and Catholic practices was generally welcomed. The title Supreme Head of the Church was repugnant to Mary's Catholicism, and she omitted it after Christmas 1553. 103–104; Whitelock, pp. [50] Along with other rebels, Hussey was executed, but there is no suggestion that Mary was directly involved. "The Reign of Mary Tudor: Historiography and Research. [82] On 1 October 1553, Gardiner crowned Mary at Westminster Abbey. Mary was declared illegitimate, and she was stripped of the title of princess. The first queen of England in her own right, Mary I was known as 'Bloody Mary' for her brutal persecution of Protestants. This publication was not extensively reviewed until 1604. The allegation of incest in effect made Mary illegitimate. [152] In pain, possibly from ovarian cysts or uterine cancer,[153] she died on 17 November 1558, aged 42, at St James's Palace, during an influenza epidemic that also claimed Pole's life later that day. Fast Facts: Mary I of England 135–136; Waller, p. 39; Whitelock, p. 101, Contemporary Spanish and English reports, quoted in Whitelock, p. 108, Loades, p. 120; Waller, p. 39; Whitelock, p. 112, Loades, pp. Clement may have been reluctant to act because he was influenced by Charles V, Catherine's nephew and Mary's former betrothed, whose troops had surrounded and occupied Rome in the War of the League of Cognac. 126–127; Whitelock, pp. She was, however, not able to free herself of the epithet of bastard, and her movements were severely restricted. 217–225, Waller, pp. When Mary was in her thirties, she attended a reunion with Edward and Elizabeth for Christmas 1550, where the 13-year-old Edward embarrassed Mary, and reduced both her and himself to tears in front of the court, by publicly reproving her for ignoring his laws regarding worship. As part of the marriage negotiations, a portrait of Philip, by Titian, was sent to her in the latter half of 1553. Said during her final illness, referring to England's loss of Calais to France — Raphael Holinshed, The Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland, vol. 288–299; Whitelock, pp. Thomas Wyatt the younger led a force from Kent to depose Mary in favour of Elizabeth, as part of a wider conspiracy now known as Wyatt's rebellion, which also involved the Duke of Suffolk, Lady Jane's father. [94] He had no amorous feelings for Mary and sought the marriage for its political and strategic gains; his aide Ruy Gómez de Silva wrote to a correspondent in Brussels, "the marriage was concluded for no fleshly consideration, but in order to remedy the disorders of this kingdom and to preserve the Low Countries. 90–91, Loades, p. 114; Porter, pp. [21] She appears to have spent three years in the Welsh Marches, making regular visits to her father's court, before returning permanently to the home counties around London in mid-1528. But both remained legally illegitimate. She adopted "Truth, the Daughter of Time" (Latin: Veritas Temporis Filia) as her personal motto. [110] Mary was heartbroken and fell into a deep depression. 148–160, Waller, pp. Mary speedily assembled a force in East Anglia and deposed Jane, who was ultimately beheaded. Philip persuaded his wife that Elizabeth should marry his cousin Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, to secure the Catholic succession and preserve the Habsburg interest in England, but Elizabeth refused to comply and parliamentary consent was unlikely. Mary was removed from the succession in her father's marriage disputes during some periods of her childhood and early adulthood. She also had at least two false pregnancies, the last of which, beginning in April 1558, would mask the ultimate cause of her death. Mary and Philip were still apart; he was declared King of Spain in Brussels, but she stayed in England. People born on February 18 fall under the Zodiac sign of Aquarius, the Water Bearer. [7] In 1520, the Countess of Salisbury was appointed Mary's governess. She is best known for her vigorous attempt to reverse the English Reformation, which had begun during the reign of her father, Henry VIII. Lady Jane and her husband, Lord Guildford Dudley, though found guilty, were kept under guard in the Tower rather than immediately executed, while Lady Jane's father, Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk, was released. Although plain, she was a popular figure, with a fine contralto singing voice and great linguistic ability. She is best known for her vigorous attempt to reverse the English Reformation, which had begun during the reign of her father, Henry VIII. Guided by John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland, and perhaps others, Edward excluded both from the line of succession in his will. The couple had married soon after Henry succeeded to the throne in 1509. 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